one of the three major genres of imaginative literature, which has its origins in music and oral performance and is characterized by controlled patterns of rhythm and syntax (often using meter and rhyme); compression and compactness and an allowance for ambiguity; a particularly concentrated emphasis on the sensual, especially visual and aural, qualities and effects of words and word order; and especially vivid, often figurative language.
詩一言以蔽之,思無邪
※東方對詩的看法: an obligation to fulfill its expectation.
西方對詩的看法: demonstrate its personality or character.
※sonnet is a fixed verse form consisting of fourteen lines usually in iambic pentameter.
An Italian sonnet consists of eight rhymelinked lines (an octave) plus six rhymelinked lines (a sestet), often with either an abbaabba cdecde or abbacddc defdef rhyme scheme. (前8後6)
An English or Shakespearean sonnet instead consists of three quatrains (four- line units) and a couplet and often rhymes abab cdcd efef gg. (前12後2)
※ dactyl is a foot in poetic meter. In quantitative verse, often used in Greek or Latin, a dactyl is a long syllable followed by two short syllables, as determined by syllable weight.
for example, "Fláshed all their / sábres bare"
※ ottava rima is a verse form consisting of eight-line stanzas with an abababcc rhyme scheme and iambic meter (usually pentameter)
literally, "octave (eighth) rhyme" (Italian)
for example "Sailing to Byzantium" is written in ottava rima.
※sestina is an elaborate verse structure written in blank verse that consists of six stanzas of six lines each followed by a three- line stanza.
two other original troubadouric sestinas are known,the best known being "Eras, pus vey mon benastruc" by Guilhem Peire Cazals de Caortz; there are also two contrafacta built on the same end-words, the best known being Ben gran avoleza intra by Bertran de Born.
※terza rima is a verse form consisting of three- line stanzas in which the second line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third of the next.
literally, "third rhyme" (Italian)
for example,
1. It was first used by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri.
2. Percy Bysshe Shelley’s "Ode to the West Wind" is written in terza rima.
※ballad stanza is a common stanza form, consisting of a quatrain that alternates four-foot and three-foot lines; lines 1 and 3 are unrhymed iambic tetrameter (four feet), and lines 2 and 4 are rhymed iambic trimester (three feet)
for example,
All in a hot and copper sky!
The bloody Sun, at noon,
Right up above the mast did stand,
No bigger than the Moon.
Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, lines 111 – 114
※一見鍾情
love at the first sight
※Romeo and Juliet is about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families.
It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays.
※ Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play and among the most powerful and influential tragedies in English literature, with a story capable of "seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others."
※ I'm sorry 感同身受
I'm apologized 知錯道歉 = I owe you an apology
※ figure of speech ( rhetorical figure or a locution) is figurative language in the form of a single word or phrase. It can be a special repetition, arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words.
There are mainly five figures of speech: simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification and synecdoche.
※出櫃
coming out of closet
for example, Oscar Wilde
Today he is remembered for his epigrams, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, his plays, as well as the circumstances of his imprisonment and early death.
his work
The Happy Prince and Other Tales
※didacticism, t he term has its origin in the Ancient Greek word
it was related to education and teaching and signified learning in a fascinating and intriguing manner.
※Sound and Sense
※食指
index finger also referred to as forefinger, pointer finger, trigger finger
※The Age of Adaline
The Age of Adaline is a 2015 American epic romance fantasy film
※ " somewhere i have never travelled,gladly beyond"
His body of work encompasses approximately 2,900 poems, two autobiographical novels, four plays and several essays, as well as numerous drawings and paintings. He is remembered as an eminent voice of 20th century English literature.
※ I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
※William Wordsworth
※end rhyme is a rhyme in the final syllable(s) of a verse (the most common kind).
rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme; lines designated with the same letter all rhyme with each other.
for example,
Bid me to weep, and I will weep A
While I have eyes to see; B
And having none, yet I will keep A
A heart to weep for thee. B
※ iambic
referring to a metrical form in which each foot consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one; this type of foot is an iamb.
The most common poetic meter in English is iambic pentameter—a metrical form in which most lines consist of five iambs
●iambic pentameter
The word "iambic" refers to the type of foot that is used, known as the iamb, which in English is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet".
3 X 4 = 12 quatrain
12 + 2 = 14 couplet
※sonnet = fixed verse
An Italian sonnet consists of eight rhymelinked lines+ six rhymelinked lines (abbaabba cdecde) 『前8後6』
An English or Shakespearean sonnet instead consists of three quatrains + a couplet (abab cdcd efef gg). 『前12後2』
前面提出問題 後面提出問題解決的可能
※personification
a figure of speech that involves treating something nonhuman, such as an abstraction, as if it were a person by endowing it with humanlike qualities
※ "traveling is a fool's paradise"
※Mandela statue
※ poetry doesn't have point of view
●dic-: say
diction
dictionary
●tre-: 3
terza rima
● penta-:
pentameter
● hex-: 6
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